This is ../info/gnus, produced by makeinfo version 4.3 from gnus.texi. INFO-DIR-SECTION Emacs START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY * Gnus: (gnus). The newsreader Gnus. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents Gnus, the GNU Emacs newsreader. Copyright (C) 1995,96,97,98,99,2000,2001 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.1 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the Invariant Sections being none, with the Front-Cover texts being "A GNU Manual", and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a) below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License" in the Emacs manual. (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise funds for GNU development." This document is part of a collection distributed under the GNU Free Documentation License. If you want to distribute this document separately from the collection, you can do so by adding a copy of the license to the document, as described in section 6 of the license.  File: gnus, Node: Setting Process Marks, Prev: Generic Marking Commands, Up: Marking Articles Setting Process Marks --------------------- `M P p' `#' Mark the current article with the process mark (`gnus-summary-mark-as-processable'). `M P u' `M-#' Remove the process mark, if any, from the current article (`gnus-summary-unmark-as-processable'). `M P U' Remove the process mark from all articles (`gnus-summary-unmark-all-processable'). `M P i' Invert the list of process marked articles (`gnus-uu-invert-processable'). `M P R' Mark articles that have a `Subject' header that matches a regular expression (`gnus-uu-mark-by-regexp'). `M P G' Unmark articles that have a `Subject' header that matches a regular expression (`gnus-uu-unmark-by-regexp'). `M P r' Mark articles in region (`gnus-uu-mark-region'). `M P t' Mark all articles in the current (sub)thread (`gnus-uu-mark-thread'). `M P T' Unmark all articles in the current (sub)thread (`gnus-uu-unmark-thread'). `M P v' Mark all articles that have a score above the prefix argument (`gnus-uu-mark-over'). `M P s' Mark all articles in the current series (`gnus-uu-mark-series'). `M P S' Mark all series that have already had some articles marked (`gnus-uu-mark-sparse'). `M P a' Mark all articles in series order (`gnus-uu-mark-series'). `M P b' Mark all articles in the buffer in the order they appear (`gnus-uu-mark-buffer'). `M P k' Push the current process mark set onto the stack and unmark all articles (`gnus-summary-kill-process-mark'). `M P y' Pop the previous process mark set from the stack and restore it (`gnus-summary-yank-process-mark'). `M P w' Push the current process mark set onto the stack (`gnus-summary-save-process-mark'). Also see the `&' command in *note Searching for Articles:: for how to set process marks based on article body contents.  File: gnus, Node: Limiting, Next: Threading, Prev: Marking Articles, Up: The Summary Buffer Limiting ======== It can be convenient to limit the summary buffer to just show some subset of the articles currently in the group. The effect most limit commands have is to remove a few (or many) articles from the summary buffer. All limiting commands work on subsets of the articles already fetched from the servers. None of these commands query the server for additional articles. `/ /' `/ s' Limit the summary buffer to articles that match some subject (`gnus-summary-limit-to-subject'). `/ a' Limit the summary buffer to articles that match some author (`gnus-summary-limit-to-author'). `/ x' Limit the summary buffer to articles that match one of the "extra" headers (*note To From Newsgroups::) (`gnus-summary-limit-to-extra'). `/ u' `x' Limit the summary buffer to articles not marked as read (`gnus-summary-limit-to-unread'). If given a prefix, limit the buffer to articles strictly unread. This means that ticked and dormant articles will also be excluded. `/ m' Ask for a mark and then limit to all articles that have been marked with that mark (`gnus-summary-limit-to-marks'). `/ t' Ask for a number and then limit the summary buffer to articles older than (or equal to) that number of days (`gnus-summary-limit-to-age'). If given a prefix, limit to articles younger than that number of days. `/ n' Limit the summary buffer to the current article (`gnus-summary-limit-to-articles'). Uses the process/prefix convention (*note Process/Prefix::). `/ w' Pop the previous limit off the stack and restore it (`gnus-summary-pop-limit'). If given a prefix, pop all limits off the stack. `/ v' Limit the summary buffer to articles that have a score at or above some score (`gnus-summary-limit-to-score'). `/ E' `M S' Include all expunged articles in the limit (`gnus-summary-limit-include-expunged'). `/ D' Include all dormant articles in the limit (`gnus-summary-limit-include-dormant'). `/ *' Include all cached articles in the limit (`gnus-summary-limit-include-cached'). `/ d' Exclude all dormant articles from the limit (`gnus-summary-limit-exclude-dormant'). `/ M' Exclude all marked articles (`gnus-summary-limit-exclude-marks'). `/ T' Include all the articles in the current thread in the limit. `/ c' Exclude all dormant articles that have no children from the limit (`gnus-summary-limit-exclude-childless-dormant'). `/ C' Mark all excluded unread articles as read (`gnus-summary-limit-mark-excluded-as-read'). If given a prefix, also mark excluded ticked and dormant articles as read.  File: gnus, Node: Threading, Next: Sorting, Prev: Limiting, Up: The Summary Buffer Threading ========= Gnus threads articles by default. "To thread" is to put responses to articles directly after the articles they respond to--in a hierarchical fashion. Threading is done by looking at the `References' headers of the articles. In a perfect world, this would be enough to build pretty trees, but unfortunately, the `References' header is often broken or simply missing. Weird news propagation exacerbates the problem, so one has to employ other heuristics to get pleasing results. A plethora of approaches exists, as detailed in horrible detail in *note Customizing Threading::. First, a quick overview of the concepts: "root" The top-most article in a thread; the first article in the thread. "thread" A tree-like article structure. "sub-thread" A small(er) section of this tree-like structure. "loose threads" Threads often lose their roots due to article expiry, or due to the root already having been read in a previous session, and not displayed in the summary buffer. We then typically have many sub-threads that really belong to one thread, but are without connecting roots. These are called loose threads. "thread gathering" An attempt to gather loose threads into bigger threads. "sparse threads" A thread where the missing articles have been "guessed" at, and are displayed as empty lines in the summary buffer. * Menu: * Customizing Threading:: Variables you can change to affect the threading. * Thread Commands:: Thread based commands in the summary buffer.  File: gnus, Node: Customizing Threading, Next: Thread Commands, Up: Threading Customizing Threading --------------------- * Menu: * Loose Threads:: How Gnus gathers loose threads into bigger threads. * Filling In Threads:: Making the threads displayed look fuller. * More Threading:: Even more variables for fiddling with threads. * Low-Level Threading:: You thought it was over... but you were wrong!  File: gnus, Node: Loose Threads, Next: Filling In Threads, Up: Customizing Threading Loose Threads ............. `gnus-summary-make-false-root' If non-`nil', Gnus will gather all loose subtrees into one big tree and create a dummy root at the top. (Wait a minute. Root at the top? Yup.) Loose subtrees occur when the real root has expired, or you've read or killed the root in a previous session. When there is no real root of a thread, Gnus will have to fudge something. This variable says what fudging method Gnus should use. There are four possible values: `adopt' Gnus will make the first of the orphaned articles the parent. This parent will adopt all the other articles. The adopted articles will be marked as such by pointy brackets (`<>') instead of the standard square brackets (`[]'). This is the default method. `dummy' Gnus will create a dummy summary line that will pretend to be the parent. This dummy line does not correspond to any real article, so selecting it will just select the first real article after the dummy article. `gnus-summary-dummy-line-format' is used to specify the format of the dummy roots. It accepts only one format spec: `S', which is the subject of the article. *Note Formatting Variables::. `empty' Gnus won't actually make any article the parent, but simply leave the subject field of all orphans except the first empty. (Actually, it will use `gnus-summary-same-subject' as the subject (*note Summary Buffer Format::).) `none' Don't make any article parent at all. Just gather the threads and display them after one another. `nil' Don't gather loose threads. `gnus-summary-gather-subject-limit' Loose threads are gathered by comparing subjects of articles. If this variable is `nil', Gnus requires an exact match between the subjects of the loose threads before gathering them into one big super-thread. This might be too strict a requirement, what with the presence of stupid newsreaders that chop off long subject lines. If you think so, set this variable to, say, 20 to require that only the first 20 characters of the subjects have to match. If you set this variable to a really low number, you'll find that Gnus will gather everything in sight into one thread, which isn't very helpful. If you set this variable to the special value `fuzzy', Gnus will use a fuzzy string comparison algorithm on the subjects (*note Fuzzy Matching::). `gnus-simplify-subject-fuzzy-regexp' This can either be a regular expression or list of regular expressions that match strings that will be removed from subjects if fuzzy subject simplification is used. `gnus-simplify-ignored-prefixes' If you set `gnus-summary-gather-subject-limit' to something as low as 10, you might consider setting this variable to something sensible: (setq gnus-simplify-ignored-prefixes (concat "\\`\\[?\\(" (mapconcat 'identity '("looking" "wanted" "followup" "summary\\( of\\)?" "help" "query" "problem" "question" "answer" "reference" "announce" "How can I" "How to" "Comparison of" ;; ... ) "\\|") "\\)\\s *\\(" (mapconcat 'identity '("for" "for reference" "with" "about") "\\|") "\\)?\\]?:?[ \t]*")) All words that match this regexp will be removed before comparing two subjects. `gnus-simplify-subject-functions' If non-`nil', this variable overrides `gnus-summary-gather-subject-limit'. This variable should be a list of functions to apply to the `Subject' string iteratively to arrive at the simplified version of the string. Useful functions to put in this list include: `gnus-simplify-subject-re' Strip the leading `Re:'. `gnus-simplify-subject-fuzzy' Simplify fuzzily. `gnus-simplify-whitespace' Remove excessive whitespace. You may also write your own functions, of course. `gnus-summary-gather-exclude-subject' Since loose thread gathering is done on subjects only, that might lead to many false hits, especially with certain common subjects like `' and `(none)'. To make the situation slightly better, you can use the regexp `gnus-summary-gather-exclude-subject' to say what subjects should be excluded from the gathering process. The default is `^ *$\\|^(none)$'. `gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function' Gnus gathers threads by looking at `Subject' headers. This means that totally unrelated articles may end up in the same "thread", which is confusing. An alternate approach is to look at all the `Message-ID's in all the `References' headers to find matches. This will ensure that no gathered threads ever include unrelated articles, but it also means that people who have posted with broken newsreaders won't be gathered properly. The choice is yours--plague or cholera: `gnus-gather-threads-by-subject' This function is the default gathering function and looks at `Subject's exclusively. `gnus-gather-threads-by-references' This function looks at `References' headers exclusively. If you want to test gathering by `References', you could say something like: (setq gnus-summary-thread-gathering-function 'gnus-gather-threads-by-references)  File: gnus, Node: Filling In Threads, Next: More Threading, Prev: Loose Threads, Up: Customizing Threading Filling In Threads .................. `gnus-fetch-old-headers' If non-`nil', Gnus will attempt to build old threads by fetching more old headers--headers to articles marked as read. If you would like to display as few summary lines as possible, but still connect as many loose threads as possible, you should set this variable to `some' or a number. If you set it to a number, no more than that number of extra old headers will be fetched. In either case, fetching old headers only works if the back end you are using carries overview files--this would normally be `nntp', `nnspool' and `nnml'. Also remember that if the root of the thread has been expired by the server, there's not much Gnus can do about that. This variable can also be set to `invisible'. This won't have any visible effects, but is useful if you use the `A T' command a lot (*note Finding the Parent::). `gnus-build-sparse-threads' Fetching old headers can be slow. A low-rent similar effect can be gotten by setting this variable to `some'. Gnus will then look at the complete `References' headers of all articles and try to string together articles that belong in the same thread. This will leave "gaps" in the threading display where Gnus guesses that an article is missing from the thread. (These gaps appear like normal summary lines. If you select a gap, Gnus will try to fetch the article in question.) If this variable is `t', Gnus will display all these "gaps" without regard for whether they are useful for completing the thread or not. Finally, if this variable is `more', Gnus won't cut off sparse leaf nodes that don't lead anywhere. This variable is `nil' by default.  File: gnus, Node: More Threading, Next: Low-Level Threading, Prev: Filling In Threads, Up: Customizing Threading More Threading .............. `gnus-show-threads' If this variable is `nil', no threading will be done, and all of the rest of the variables here will have no effect. Turning threading off will speed group selection up a bit, but it is sure to make reading slower and more awkward. `gnus-thread-hide-subtree' If non-`nil', all threads will be hidden when the summary buffer is generated. `gnus-thread-expunge-below' All threads that have a total score (as defined by `gnus-thread-score-function') less than this number will be expunged. This variable is `nil' by default, which means that no threads are expunged. `gnus-thread-hide-killed' if you kill a thread and this variable is non-`nil', the subtree will be hidden. `gnus-thread-ignore-subject' Sometimes somebody changes the subject in the middle of a thread. If this variable is non-`nil', the subject change is ignored. If it is `nil', which is the default, a change in the subject will result in a new thread. `gnus-thread-indent-level' This is a number that says how much each sub-thread should be indented. The default is 4. `gnus-sort-gathered-threads-function' Sometimes, particularly with mailing lists, the order in which mails arrive locally is not necessarily the same as the order in which they arrived on the mailing list. Consequently, when sorting sub-threads using the default `gnus-thread-sort-by-number', responses can end up appearing before the article to which they are responding to. Setting this variable to an alternate value (e.g. `gnus-thread-sort-by-date'), in a group's parameters or in an appropriate hook (e.g. `gnus-summary-generate-hook') can produce a more logical sub-thread ordering in such instances.  File: gnus, Node: Low-Level Threading, Prev: More Threading, Up: Customizing Threading Low-Level Threading ................... `gnus-parse-headers-hook' Hook run before parsing any headers. `gnus-alter-header-function' If non-`nil', this function will be called to allow alteration of article header structures. The function is called with one parameter, the article header vector, which it may alter in any way. For instance, if you have a mail-to-news gateway which alters the `Message-ID's in systematic ways (by adding prefixes and such), you can use this variable to un-scramble the `Message-ID's so that they are more meaningful. Here's one example: (setq gnus-alter-header-function 'my-alter-message-id) (defun my-alter-message-id (header) (let ((id (mail-header-id header))) (when (string-match "\\(<[^<>@]*\\)\\.?cygnus\\..*@\\([^<>@]*>\\)" id) (mail-header-set-id (concat (match-string 1 id) "@" (match-string 2 id)) header))))  File: gnus, Node: Thread Commands, Prev: Customizing Threading, Up: Threading Thread Commands --------------- `T k' `M-C-k' Mark all articles in the current (sub-)thread as read (`gnus-summary-kill-thread'). If the prefix argument is positive, remove all marks instead. If the prefix argument is negative, tick articles instead. `T l' `M-C-l' Lower the score of the current (sub-)thread (`gnus-summary-lower-thread'). `T i' Increase the score of the current (sub-)thread (`gnus-summary-raise-thread'). `T #' Set the process mark on the current (sub-)thread (`gnus-uu-mark-thread'). `T M-#' Remove the process mark from the current (sub-)thread (`gnus-uu-unmark-thread'). `T T' Toggle threading (`gnus-summary-toggle-threads'). `T s' Expose the (sub-)thread hidden under the current article, if any (`gnus-summary-show-thread'). `T h' Hide the current (sub-)thread (`gnus-summary-hide-thread'). `T S' Expose all hidden threads (`gnus-summary-show-all-threads'). `T H' Hide all threads (`gnus-summary-hide-all-threads'). `T t' Re-thread the current article's thread (`gnus-summary-rethread-current'). This works even when the summary buffer is otherwise unthreaded. `T ^' Make the current article the child of the marked (or previous) article (`gnus-summary-reparent-thread'). The following commands are thread movement commands. They all understand the numeric prefix. `T n' `M-C-n' `M-down' Go to the next thread (`gnus-summary-next-thread'). `T p' `M-C-p' `M-up' Go to the previous thread (`gnus-summary-prev-thread'). `T d' Descend the thread (`gnus-summary-down-thread'). `T u' Ascend the thread (`gnus-summary-up-thread'). `T o' Go to the top of the thread (`gnus-summary-top-thread'). If you ignore subject while threading, you'll naturally end up with threads that have several different subjects in them. If you then issue a command like `T k' (`gnus-summary-kill-thread') you might not wish to kill the entire thread, but just those parts of the thread that have the same subject as the current article. If you like this idea, you can fiddle with `gnus-thread-operation-ignore-subject'. If it is non-`nil' (which it is by default), subjects will be ignored when doing thread commands. If this variable is `nil', articles in the same thread with different subjects will not be included in the operation in question. If this variable is `fuzzy', only articles that have subjects fuzzily equal will be included (*note Fuzzy Matching::).  File: gnus, Node: Sorting, Next: Asynchronous Fetching, Prev: Threading, Up: The Summary Buffer Sorting ======= If you are using a threaded summary display, you can sort the threads by setting `gnus-thread-sort-functions', which can be either a single function, a list of functions, or a list containing functions and `(not some-function)' elements. By default, sorting is done on article numbers. Ready-made sorting predicate functions include `gnus-thread-sort-by-number', `gnus-thread-sort-by-author', `gnus-thread-sort-by-subject', `gnus-thread-sort-by-date', `gnus-thread-sort-by-score', and `gnus-thread-sort-by-total-score'. Each function takes two threads and returns non-`nil' if the first thread should be sorted before the other. Note that sorting really is normally done by looking only at the roots of each thread. If you use more than one function, the primary sort key should be the last function in the list. You should probably always include `gnus-thread-sort-by-number' in the list of sorting functions--preferably first. This will ensure that threads that are equal with respect to the other sort criteria will be displayed in ascending article order. If you would like to sort by reverse score, then by subject, and finally by number, you could do something like: (setq gnus-thread-sort-functions '(gnus-thread-sort-by-number gnus-thread-sort-by-subject (not gnus-thread-sort-by-total-score))) The threads that have highest score will be displayed first in the summary buffer. When threads have the same score, they will be sorted alphabetically. The threads that have the same score and the same subject will be sorted by number, which is (normally) the sequence in which the articles arrived. If you want to sort by score and then reverse arrival order, you could say something like: (setq gnus-thread-sort-functions '((lambda (t1 t2) (not (gnus-thread-sort-by-number t1 t2))) gnus-thread-sort-by-score)) The function in the `gnus-thread-score-function' variable (default `+') is used for calculating the total score of a thread. Useful functions might be `max', `min', or squared means, or whatever tickles your fancy. If you are using an unthreaded display for some strange reason or other, you have to fiddle with the `gnus-article-sort-functions' variable. It is very similar to the `gnus-thread-sort-functions', except that it uses slightly different functions for article comparison. Available sorting predicate functions are `gnus-article-sort-by-number', `gnus-article-sort-by-author', `gnus-article-sort-by-subject', `gnus-article-sort-by-date', and `gnus-article-sort-by-score'. If you want to sort an unthreaded summary display by subject, you could say something like: (setq gnus-article-sort-functions '(gnus-article-sort-by-number gnus-article-sort-by-subject))  File: gnus, Node: Asynchronous Fetching, Next: Article Caching, Prev: Sorting, Up: The Summary Buffer Asynchronous Article Fetching ============================= If you read your news from an NNTP server that's far away, the network latencies may make reading articles a chore. You have to wait for a while after pressing `n' to go to the next article before the article appears. Why can't Gnus just go ahead and fetch the article while you are reading the previous one? Why not, indeed. First, some caveats. There are some pitfalls to using asynchronous article fetching, especially the way Gnus does it. Let's say you are reading article 1, which is short, and article 2 is quite long, and you are not interested in reading that. Gnus does not know this, so it goes ahead and fetches article 2. You decide to read article 3, but since Gnus is in the process of fetching article 2, the connection is blocked. To avoid these situations, Gnus will open two (count 'em two) connections to the server. Some people may think this isn't a very nice thing to do, but I don't see any real alternatives. Setting up that extra connection takes some time, so Gnus startup will be slower. Gnus will fetch more articles than you will read. This will mean that the link between your machine and the NNTP server will become more loaded than if you didn't use article pre-fetch. The server itself will also become more loaded--both with the extra article requests, and the extra connection. Ok, so now you know that you shouldn't really use this thing... unless you really want to. Here's how: Set `gnus-asynchronous' to `t'. The rest should happen automatically. You can control how many articles are to be pre-fetched by setting `gnus-use-article-prefetch'. This is 30 by default, which means that when you read an article in the group, the back end will pre-fetch the next 30 articles. If this variable is `t', the back end will pre-fetch all the articles it can without bound. If it is `nil', no pre-fetching will be done. There are probably some articles that you don't want to pre-fetch--read articles, for instance. The `gnus-async-prefetch-article-p' variable controls whether an article is to be pre-fetched. This function should return non-`nil' when the article in question is to be pre-fetched. The default is `gnus-async-read-p', which returns `nil' on read articles. The function is called with an article data structure as the only parameter. If, for instance, you wish to pre-fetch only unread articles shorter than 100 lines, you could say something like: (defun my-async-short-unread-p (data) "Return non-nil for short, unread articles." (and (gnus-data-unread-p data) (< (mail-header-lines (gnus-data-header data)) 100))) (setq gnus-async-prefetch-article-p 'my-async-short-unread-p) These functions will be called many, many times, so they should preferably be short and sweet to avoid slowing down Gnus too much. It's probably a good idea to byte-compile things like this. Articles have to be removed from the asynch buffer sooner or later. The `gnus-prefetched-article-deletion-strategy' says when to remove articles. This is a list that may contain the following elements: `read' Remove articles when they are read. `exit' Remove articles when exiting the group. The default value is `(read exit)'.  File: gnus, Node: Article Caching, Next: Persistent Articles, Prev: Asynchronous Fetching, Up: The Summary Buffer Article Caching =============== If you have an _extremely_ slow NNTP connection, you may consider turning article caching on. Each article will then be stored locally under your home directory. As you may surmise, this could potentially use _huge_ amounts of disk space, as well as eat up all your inodes so fast it will make your head swim. In vodka. Used carefully, though, it could be just an easier way to save articles. To turn caching on, set `gnus-use-cache' to `t'. By default, all articles ticked or marked as dormant will then be copied over to your local cache (`gnus-cache-directory'). Whether this cache is flat or hierarchical is controlled by the `gnus-use-long-file-name' variable, as usual. When re-selecting a ticked or dormant article, it will be fetched from the cache instead of from the server. As articles in your cache will never expire, this might serve as a method of saving articles while still keeping them where they belong. Just mark all articles you want to save as dormant, and don't worry. When an article is marked as read, is it removed from the cache. The entering/removal of articles from the cache is controlled by the `gnus-cache-enter-articles' and `gnus-cache-remove-articles' variables. Both are lists of symbols. The first is `(ticked dormant)' by default, meaning that ticked and dormant articles will be put in the cache. The latter is `(read)' by default, meaning that articles marked as read are removed from the cache. Possibly symbols in these two lists are `ticked', `dormant', `unread' and `read'. So where does the massive article-fetching and storing come into the picture? The `gnus-jog-cache' command will go through all subscribed newsgroups, request all unread articles, score them, and store them in the cache. You should only ever, ever ever ever, use this command if 1) your connection to the NNTP server is really, really, really slow and 2) you have a really, really, really huge disk. Seriously. One way to cut down on the number of articles downloaded is to score unwanted articles down and have them marked as read. They will not then be downloaded by this command. It is likely that you do not want caching on all groups. For instance, if your `nnml' mail is located under your home directory, it makes no sense to cache it somewhere else under your home directory. Unless you feel that it's neat to use twice as much space. To limit the caching, you could set `gnus-cacheable-groups' to a regexp of groups to cache, `^nntp' for instance, or set the `gnus-uncacheable-groups' regexp to `^nnml', for instance. Both variables are `nil' by default. If a group matches both variables, the group is not cached. The cache stores information on what articles it contains in its active file (`gnus-cache-active-file'). If this file (or any other parts of the cache) becomes all messed up for some reason or other, Gnus offers two functions that will try to set things right. `M-x gnus-cache-generate-nov-databases' will (re)build all the NOV files, and `gnus-cache-generate-active' will (re)generate the active file.  File: gnus, Node: Persistent Articles, Next: Article Backlog, Prev: Article Caching, Up: The Summary Buffer Persistent Articles =================== Closely related to article caching, we have "persistent articles". In fact, it's just a different way of looking at caching, and much more useful in my opinion. Say you're reading a newsgroup, and you happen on to some valuable gem that you want to keep and treasure forever. You'd normally just save it (using one of the many saving commands) in some file. The problem with that is that it's just, well, yucky. Ideally you'd prefer just having the article remain in the group where you found it forever; untouched by the expiry going on at the news server. This is what a "persistent article" is--an article that just won't be deleted. It's implemented using the normal cache functions, but you use two explicit commands for managing persistent articles: `*' Make the current article persistent (`gnus-cache-enter-article'). `M-*' Remove the current article from the persistent articles (`gnus-cache-remove-article'). This will normally delete the article. Both these commands understand the process/prefix convention. To avoid having all ticked articles (and stuff) entered into the cache, you should set `gnus-use-cache' to `passive' if you're just interested in persistent articles: (setq gnus-use-cache 'passive)  File: gnus, Node: Article Backlog, Next: Saving Articles, Prev: Persistent Articles, Up: The Summary Buffer Article Backlog =============== If you have a slow connection, but the idea of using caching seems unappealing to you (and it is, really), you can help the situation some by switching on the "backlog". This is where Gnus will buffer already read articles so that it doesn't have to re-fetch articles you've already read. This only helps if you are in the habit of re-selecting articles you've recently read, of course. If you never do that, turning the backlog on will slow Gnus down a little bit, and increase memory usage some. If you set `gnus-keep-backlog' to a number N, Gnus will store at most N old articles in a buffer for later re-fetching. If this variable is non-`nil' and is not a number, Gnus will store _all_ read articles, which means that your Emacs will grow without bound before exploding and taking your machine down with you. I put that in there just to keep y'all on your toes. This variable is `nil' by default.  File: gnus, Node: Saving Articles, Next: Decoding Articles, Prev: Article Backlog, Up: The Summary Buffer Saving Articles =============== Gnus can save articles in a number of ways. Below is the documentation for saving articles in a fairly straight-forward fashion (i.e., little processing of the article is done before it is saved). For a different approach (uudecoding, unsharing) you should use `gnus-uu' (*note Decoding Articles::). If `gnus-save-all-headers' is non-`nil', Gnus will not delete unwanted headers before saving the article. If the preceding variable is `nil', all headers that match the `gnus-saved-headers' regexp will be kept, while the rest will be deleted before saving. `O o' `o' Save the current article using the default article saver (`gnus-summary-save-article'). `O m' Save the current article in mail format (`gnus-summary-save-article-mail'). `O r' Save the current article in rmail format (`gnus-summary-save-article-rmail'). `O f' Save the current article in plain file format (`gnus-summary-save-article-file'). `O F' Write the current article in plain file format, overwriting any previous file contents (`gnus-summary-write-article-file'). `O b' Save the current article body in plain file format (`gnus-summary-save-article-body-file'). `O h' Save the current article in mh folder format (`gnus-summary-save-article-folder'). `O v' Save the current article in a VM folder (`gnus-summary-save-article-vm'). `O p' Save the current article in a pipe. Uhm, like, what I mean is--Pipe the current article to a process (`gnus-summary-pipe-output'). All these commands use the process/prefix convention (*note Process/Prefix::). If you save bunches of articles using these functions, you might get tired of being prompted for files to save each and every article in. The prompting action is controlled by the `gnus-prompt-before-saving' variable, which is `always' by default, giving you that excessive prompting action you know and loathe. If you set this variable to `t' instead, you'll be prompted just once for each series of articles you save. If you like to really have Gnus do all your thinking for you, you can even set this variable to `nil', which means that you will never be prompted for files to save articles in. Gnus will simply save all the articles in the default files. You can customize the `gnus-default-article-saver' variable to make Gnus do what you want it to. You can use any of the six ready-made functions below, or you can create your own. `gnus-summary-save-in-rmail' This is the default format, "babyl". Uses the function in the `gnus-rmail-save-name' variable to get a file name to save the article in. The default is `gnus-plain-save-name'. `gnus-summary-save-in-mail' Save in a Unix mail (mbox) file. Uses the function in the `gnus-mail-save-name' variable to get a file name to save the article in. The default is `gnus-plain-save-name'. `gnus-summary-save-in-file' Append the article straight to an ordinary file. Uses the function in the `gnus-file-save-name' variable to get a file name to save the article in. The default is `gnus-numeric-save-name'. `gnus-summary-save-body-in-file' Append the article body to an ordinary file. Uses the function in the `gnus-file-save-name' variable to get a file name to save the article in. The default is `gnus-numeric-save-name'. `gnus-summary-save-in-folder' Save the article to an MH folder using `rcvstore' from the MH library. Uses the function in the `gnus-folder-save-name' variable to get a file name to save the article in. The default is `gnus-folder-save-name', but you can also use `gnus-Folder-save-name', which creates capitalized names. `gnus-summary-save-in-vm' Save the article in a VM folder. You have to have the VM mail reader to use this setting. All of these functions, except for the last one, will save the article in the `gnus-article-save-directory', which is initialized from the `SAVEDIR' environment variable. This is `~/News/' by default. As you can see above, the functions use different functions to find a suitable name of a file to save the article in. Below is a list of available functions that generate names: `gnus-Numeric-save-name' File names like `~/News/Alt.andrea-dworkin/45'. `gnus-numeric-save-name' File names like `~/News/alt.andrea-dworkin/45'. `gnus-Plain-save-name' File names like `~/News/Alt.andrea-dworkin'. `gnus-plain-save-name' File names like `~/News/alt.andrea-dworkin'. You can have Gnus suggest where to save articles by plonking a regexp into the `gnus-split-methods' alist. For instance, if you would like to save articles related to Gnus in the file `gnus-stuff', and articles related to VM in `vm-stuff', you could set this variable to something like: (("^Subject:.*gnus\\|^Newsgroups:.*gnus" "gnus-stuff") ("^Subject:.*vm\\|^Xref:.*vm" "vm-stuff") (my-choosing-function "../other-dir/my-stuff") ((equal gnus-newsgroup-name "mail.misc") "mail-stuff")) We see that this is a list where each element is a list that has two elements--the "match" and the "file". The match can either be a string (in which case it is used as a regexp to match on the article head); it can be a symbol (which will be called as a function with the group name as a parameter); or it can be a list (which will be `eval'ed). If any of these actions have a non-`nil' result, the "file" will be used as a default prompt. In addition, the result of the operation itself will be used if the function or form called returns a string or a list of strings. You basically end up with a list of file names that might be used when saving the current article. (All "matches" will be used.) You will then be prompted for what you really want to use as a name, with file name completion over the results from applying this variable. This variable is `((gnus-article-archive-name))' by default, which means that Gnus will look at the articles it saves for an `Archive-name' line and use that as a suggestion for the file name. Here's an example function to clean up file names somewhat. If you have lots of mail groups called things like `nnml:mail.whatever', you may want to chop off the beginning of these group names before creating the file name to save to. The following will do just that: (defun my-save-name (group) (when (string-match "^nnml:mail." group) (substring group (match-end 0)))) (setq gnus-split-methods '((gnus-article-archive-name) (my-save-name))) Finally, you have the `gnus-use-long-file-name' variable. If it is `nil', all the preceding functions will replace all periods (`.') in the group names with slashes (`/')--which means that the functions will generate hierarchies of directories instead of having all the files in the top level directory (`~/News/alt/andrea-dworkin' instead of `~/News/alt.andrea-dworkin'.) This variable is `t' by default on most systems. However, for historical reasons, this is `nil' on Xenix and usg-unix-v machines by default. This function also affects kill and score file names. If this variable is a list, and the list contains the element `not-score', long file names will not be used for score files, if it contains the element `not-save', long file names will not be used for saving, and if it contains the element `not-kill', long file names will not be used for kill files. If you'd like to save articles in a hierarchy that looks something like a spool, you could (setq gnus-use-long-file-name '(not-save)) ; to get a hierarchy (setq gnus-default-article-saver 'gnus-summary-save-in-file) ; no encoding Then just save with `o'. You'd then read this hierarchy with ephemeral `nneething' groups--`G D' in the group buffer, and the top level directory as the argument (`~/News/'). Then just walk around to the groups/directories with `nneething'.  File: gnus, Node: Decoding Articles, Next: Article Treatment, Prev: Saving Articles, Up: The Summary Buffer Decoding Articles ================= Sometime users post articles (or series of articles) that have been encoded in some way or other. Gnus can decode them for you. * Menu: * Uuencoded Articles:: Uudecode articles. * Shell Archives:: Unshar articles. * PostScript Files:: Split PostScript. * Other Files:: Plain save and binhex. * Decoding Variables:: Variables for a happy decoding. * Viewing Files:: You want to look at the result of the decoding? All these functions use the process/prefix convention (*note Process/Prefix::) for finding out what articles to work on, with the extension that a "single article" means "a single series". Gnus can find out by itself what articles belong to a series, decode all the articles and unpack/view/save the resulting file(s). Gnus guesses what articles are in the series according to the following simplish rule: The subjects must be (nearly) identical, except for the last two numbers of the line. (Spaces are largely ignored, however.) For example: If you choose a subject called `cat.gif (2/3)', Gnus will find all the articles that match the regexp `^cat.gif ([0-9]+/[0-9]+).*$'. Subjects that are non-standard, like `cat.gif (2/3) Part 6 of a series', will not be properly recognized by any of the automatic viewing commands, and you have to mark the articles manually with `#'.  File: gnus, Node: Uuencoded Articles, Next: Shell Archives, Up: Decoding Articles Uuencoded Articles ------------------ `X u' Uudecodes the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-uu'). `X U' Uudecodes and saves the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-uu-and-save'). `X v u' Uudecodes and views the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-uu-view'). `X v U' Uudecodes, views and saves the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-uu-and-save-view'). Remember that these all react to the presence of articles marked with the process mark. If, for instance, you'd like to decode and save an entire newsgroup, you'd typically do `M P a' (`gnus-uu-mark-all') and then `X U' (`gnus-uu-decode-uu-and-save'). All this is very much different from how `gnus-uu' worked with GNUS 4.1, where you had explicit keystrokes for everything under the sun. This version of `gnus-uu' generally assumes that you mark articles in some way (*note Setting Process Marks::) and then press `X u'. Note: When trying to decode articles that have names matching `gnus-uu-notify-files', which is hard-coded to `[Cc][Ii][Nn][Dd][Yy][0-9]+.\\(gif\\|jpg\\)', `gnus-uu' will automatically post an article on `comp.unix.wizards' saying that you have just viewed the file in question. This feature can't be turned off.  File: gnus, Node: Shell Archives, Next: PostScript Files, Prev: Uuencoded Articles, Up: Decoding Articles Shell Archives -------------- Shell archives ("shar files") used to be a popular way to distribute sources, but it isn't used all that much today. In any case, we have some commands to deal with these: `X s' Unshars the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-unshar'). `X S' Unshars and saves the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-unshar-and-save'). `X v s' Unshars and views the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-unshar-view'). `X v S' Unshars, views and saves the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-unshar-and-save-view').  File: gnus, Node: PostScript Files, Next: Other Files, Prev: Shell Archives, Up: Decoding Articles PostScript Files ---------------- `X p' Unpack the current PostScript series (`gnus-uu-decode-postscript'). `X P' Unpack and save the current PostScript series (`gnus-uu-decode-postscript-and-save'). `X v p' View the current PostScript series (`gnus-uu-decode-postscript-view'). `X v P' View and save the current PostScript series (`gnus-uu-decode-postscript-and-save-view').  File: gnus, Node: Other Files, Next: Decoding Variables, Prev: PostScript Files, Up: Decoding Articles Other Files ----------- `X o' Save the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-save'). `X b' Unbinhex the current series (`gnus-uu-decode-binhex'). This doesn't really work yet.  File: gnus, Node: Decoding Variables, Next: Viewing Files, Prev: Other Files, Up: Decoding Articles Decoding Variables ------------------ Adjective, not verb. * Menu: * Rule Variables:: Variables that say how a file is to be viewed. * Other Decode Variables:: Other decode variables. * Uuencoding and Posting:: Variables for customizing uuencoding.  File: gnus, Node: Rule Variables, Next: Other Decode Variables, Up: Decoding Variables Rule Variables .............. Gnus uses "rule variables" to decide how to view a file. All these variables are of the form (list '(regexp1 command2) '(regexp2 command2) ...) `gnus-uu-user-view-rules' This variable is consulted first when viewing files. If you wish to use, for instance, `sox' to convert an `.au' sound file, you could say something like: (setq gnus-uu-user-view-rules (list '("\\\\.au$" "sox %s -t .aiff > /dev/audio"))) `gnus-uu-user-view-rules-end' This variable is consulted if Gnus couldn't make any matches from the user and default view rules. `gnus-uu-user-archive-rules' This variable can be used to say what commands should be used to unpack archives.  File: gnus, Node: Other Decode Variables, Next: Uuencoding and Posting, Prev: Rule Variables, Up: Decoding Variables Other Decode Variables ...................... `gnus-uu-grabbed-file-functions' All functions in this list will be called right after each file has been successfully decoded--so that you can move or view files right away, and don't have to wait for all files to be decoded before you can do anything. Ready-made functions you can put in this list are: `gnus-uu-grab-view' View the file. `gnus-uu-grab-move' Move the file (if you're using a saving function.) `gnus-uu-be-dangerous' Specifies what to do if unusual situations arise during decoding. If `nil', be as conservative as possible. If `t', ignore things that didn't work, and overwrite existing files. Otherwise, ask each time. `gnus-uu-ignore-files-by-name' Files with name matching this regular expression won't be viewed. `gnus-uu-ignore-files-by-type' Files with a MIME type matching this variable won't be viewed. Note that Gnus tries to guess what type the file is based on the name. `gnus-uu' is not a MIME package (yet), so this is slightly kludgey. `gnus-uu-tmp-dir' Where `gnus-uu' does its work. `gnus-uu-do-not-unpack-archives' Non-`nil' means that `gnus-uu' won't peek inside archives looking for files to display. `gnus-uu-view-and-save' Non-`nil' means that the user will always be asked to save a file after viewing it. `gnus-uu-ignore-default-view-rules' Non-`nil' means that `gnus-uu' will ignore the default viewing rules. `gnus-uu-ignore-default-archive-rules' Non-`nil' means that `gnus-uu' will ignore the default archive unpacking commands. `gnus-uu-kill-carriage-return' Non-`nil' means that `gnus-uu' will strip all carriage returns from articles. `gnus-uu-unmark-articles-not-decoded' Non-`nil' means that `gnus-uu' will mark unsuccessfully decoded articles as unread. `gnus-uu-correct-stripped-uucode' Non-`nil' means that `gnus-uu' will _try_ to fix uuencoded files that have had trailing spaces deleted. `gnus-uu-pre-uudecode-hook' Hook run before sending a message to `uudecode'. `gnus-uu-view-with-metamail' Non-`nil' means that `gnus-uu' will ignore the viewing commands defined by the rule variables and just fudge a MIME content type based on the file name. The result will be fed to `metamail' for viewing. `gnus-uu-save-in-digest' Non-`nil' means that `gnus-uu', when asked to save without decoding, will save in digests. If this variable is `nil', `gnus-uu' will just save everything in a file without any embellishments. The digesting almost conforms to RFC 1153--no easy way to specify any meaningful volume and issue numbers were found, so I simply dropped them.